N100 Exam 2 Study Guide
Exam 2 is Monday, March 10, 2004

Format: 50 question, 2 points each, MOSTLY multiple choice, some matching. There WILL be diagrams from our notes on the test. Virtually ALL test questions will come from the notes. Use your book and CD as a supplement for definitions, clarification, and a great source of potential exam questions (chapter quizzes)! I will limit the sneaky 'a and b, all of the above' questions to under 10 out of 50!

Study suggestions from Dr. Marrs: Sit down with a paper, pencil, a study partner, a family member or or other willing victim! CAN YOU ANSWER EACH OBJECTIVE (without peeking at the notes)? Keep on practicing until you CAN! You will probably want to arrange your schedule this week so that you can put in at least 3-6 hours studying for this test, about 1 hour per day if possible. Remember: DON'T WAIT FOR THE TEST to find out that you don't understand something! If you don't understand a concept or a definition, e-mail me, go back to the notes, read the text, ask that study partner, look on google!

Nutrition and Food Pyramid Objectives:

1. Compare and contrast the USDA Food Pyramid with Dr. Willett's pyramid in terms of recommendations about carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2. What is ketosis and how does it relate to the Atkins and South Beach diets?
3. Compare and contrast the Atkins diet and the South Beach diet.
4. What does 'glycemic index' describe and how is it related to carbohydrates?
5. Describe some of the health problems associated with low carb diets.

Cellular Respiration Objectives:

1. Be able to write the overall equation for Cellular respiration.

• How does it compare to the equation for photosynthesis?
• What is the end result of cellular respiration?

2. Be able to list

• the 4 major steps in Cellular Respiration,
• their location in the cell,
• and the products generated at the end of each step.

3. Be able to describe what happens if the body runs out of carbohydrate reserves to use as fuel

• fats
• proteins

4. Be able to describe what anaerobic respiration is and what types of products result in

• animal cells
• yeast cells

Photosynthesis Objectives

1. Compare and contrast these terms:

• Chlorophyll vs. chloroplast:
• Thylakoid vs. stroma:
• ATP energy vs. solar energy

2. Where do the light reactions occur in the chloroplast?
3. In your own words, describe the end result of the light reactions.
4. Where do the Calvin Cycle reactions occur in the chloroplast?
5. In your own words, describe the three phases of the Calvin Cycle Reactions. What significant stepin sugar synthesis happens in each phase?
6. In your own words, describe the end result of the Calvin Cycle Reactions.Why is it called a cycle?

Endosymbiotic Theory Objectives

1. Explain 5 similarities between mitochondria & chloroplasts and bacterial cells
2. Describe the benefits to both an aerobic cell and an anaerobic cell that may have allowed for the formation of a mutually benefitting relationship to occur.
3. Explain why there are 2 lipid bilayers around both mitochondria and chloroplasts

Mitosis Objectives

1. Draw or describe the phases of the cell cycle: G-Phase, S-Phase, and M-Phase (and what happens in each)

2. Describe a chromosome and contrast it with a sister chromatid.

a. How did it get to BE a sister chromatid?

b. Why do the sister chromatids stay joined together?

3. Explain how DNA is 'unzipped' and replicated. What is the function of DNA helicase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, and DNA repair enzymes? What do Histone proteins do?
4. Draw and describe each phase of mitosis (you will see this again, hint hint...)

5. Describe how a normal cell can be transformed into a cancer cell

6. Explain the 4 unusual features of cancer cells.

Meiosis Objectives : At the end of this lecture, you should be able to

1. Compare Homologues to chromosomes and sister chromatids
2. Describe the difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II
3. Compare how cells look in Metaphase of Mitosis, Metaphase of Meiosis I and Metaphase of Meiosis II! Make sure you know how they look similar and different!
4. What is the outcome of meiosis?
5. Explain the stages in the formation of eggs and sperm, and what happens upon fertilization.
6. What are the 3 main ways genetic variation is generated in egg and sperm cells and in formation of the zygote?

Development of the Vertebrate Body Plan: Objectives:

1. Explain the 6 stages of development common to all animals.
2. What is a gamete? fertilization? A zygote?
3. Explain the major features in the formation of the human embryo at the days mentioned above.
4. What is the diference between a morula, a blastula, and a gastrula?
5. What is the primitive streak? What tissues are produced from the 3 germ layers ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm?
6. What is the inner cell mass and what is its significance?
7. What structures form from the neural groove, the somites, and the pharangeal arches?
8. Name at least 4 teratogens.